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The following white paper(s) highlight some application areas:

Catecholaminergic control of the electric organ discharge (EOD) in the African mormyrid Brienomyrus brachyistius

This figure describes the catecholaminergic control of the electric organ discharge (EOD) in the African mormyrid Brienomyrus brachyistius. The rate and waveform of this EOD are used in social communication.

The catecholamines epinephrine (top two graphs) and norepinephrine (bottom two graphs) produced similar rapid changes in the centrally controlled EOD rate and in the peripherally controlled waveform (or duration) of individual phases of the tetraphasic EOD. Both catecholamines caused the EOD rate (top) to significantly decrease within 3 minutes post injection and remain at this low level through 30 minutes post injection (Hormone x Injection Period: Epinephrine, [F(6,90)=12.78, p<0.0001];

Norepinephrine, [F(6,72)=15.42, p<0.000001]. Both catecholamines also caused the duration of phase 2 of the EOD (bottom) to significantly increase by 15 minutes post injection (Hormone x Injection Period: Epinephrine, [F(6,90)=4.39, p<0.001; Norepinephrine, [F(6,72)=8.74, p<0.000001].

Data were plotted and statistical analyses were performed using SigmaPlot and SigmaStat, respectively.

SigmaStat Printout for the effects of epinephrine on electric organ discharge frequency (rate).

Hormone Groups:

E = Epinephrine Injected Fish
V = Vehicle Injected Fish
C = Non-Handled Control Fish

Injection Periods:

Pre = Pre-Injection Period
Post = Post-Injection Period
15-P = 15 Minutes Post-Injection Period
30-P = 30 Minutes Post-Injection Period

Two Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance on One Factor

Friday, January 09, 1998, 16:52:18
Balanced Design

Source of Variation	DF	SS	MS
Hormone	2	327.0	163.51
Hormone(Fish#)	30	423.3	14.11
InjPeriod	3	28.6	9.53
Hormone x InjPeriod	6	139.4	23.23
Residual	90	163.6	1.82
Total	131	1081.9	8.26

Source of Variance	F	P
Hormone	11.59	0.00
Hormone(Fish#) InjPeriod	5.24	0.02
Hormone x InjPeriod	12.78	<0.0001
Residual
Total

The difference in the mean values among the different levels of Hormone are greater than would be expected by chance after allowing for effects of differences in InjPeriod. There is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.000187). To isolate which group(s) differ from the others use a multiple comparison procedure.

The difference in the mean values among the different levels of InjPeriod are greater than would be expected by chance after allowing for effects of differences in Hormone. There is a statistically significant difference (p = 0.022). To isolate which group(s) differ from the others use a multiple comparison procedure.

The effect of different levels of Hormone depends on what level of InjPeriod is present. There is a statistically significant interaction between Hormone and InjPeriod. (P = 0.0000000017)

Power of performed test with alpha = 0.0500: for Hormone : 0.987
Power of performed test with alpha = 0.0500: for InjPeriod : 0.855
Power of performed test with alpha = 0.0500: for Hormone x InjPeriod : 1.000

Least square means for Hormone
Group	Mean	SEM
E	3.28	0.566
V	6.86	0.566
C	6.32	0.566

Least square means for InjPeriod
Group	Mean	SEM
Pre	6.22	0.385
Post	5.30	0.385
15-P	5.47	0.385
30-P	4.95	0.385

Least square means for Hormone x InjPeriod
Group	Mean	SEM
E x Pre	6.34	0.667
E x Post	2.18	0.667
E x 15-P	1.95	0.667
E x 30-P	2.66	0.667
V x Pre	6.10	0.667
V x Post	7.60	0.667
V x 15-P	7.37	0.667
V x 30-P	6.37	0.667
C x Pre	6.23	0.667
C x Post	6.12	0.667
C x 15-P	7.09	0.667
C x 30-P	5.83	0.667

1. Dr. Robert E. Landsman (Director of Scientific Research and Instructor of Biology and Psychology), Melissa Miao, Linda Perrotti, and Sheela Gupta. Academy for the Advancement of Science and Technology, 200 Hackensack Ave., Hackensack, NJ 07601

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